The front-end stack in web development refers to the collection of technologies and tools used to build the client side of a web application — essentially, everything that users interact within their web browsers. This stack has evolved significantly over the years, and modern front-end development now includes a variety of languages, frameworks, libraries, and tools. Here’s an overview:

Core Languages

1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language):
   1. The standard markup language used to create and structure content on the web.
2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):
   1. Used for styling and layout of web pages.
3. JavaScript (JS):
   1. A scripting language that enables interactive and dynamic content.

Frameworks and Libraries

1. React (Library):
   1. Developed by Facebook, React is used for building user interfaces, particularly single-page applications.
2. Angular (Framework):
   1. A TypeScript-based open-source web application framework led by the Angular Team at Google.
3. Vue.js (Framework):
   1. An open-source model–view–viewmodel front-end JavaScript framework for building user interfaces and single-page applications.

CSS Preprocessors

1. Sass (Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets):
   1. An extension of CSS that enables features like variables, nested rules, mixins, and more.
2. LESS:
   1. Backward-compatible with CSS and offers features like variables, mixins, and functions.

Responsive Design Frameworks

1. Bootstrap:

• • A popular framework for designing responsive and mobile-first websites.

1. Foundation:

• • Another responsive front-end framework with a range of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript components.

JavaScript Extensions

1. TypeScript:
   1. A superset of JavaScript, offering optional static typing.

Build Tools and Task Runners

1. Webpack:
   1. A module bundler that bundles JavaScript files for usage in a browser.
2. Gulp:
   1. A task runner that automates tasks like minification, compilation, unit testing, linting, etc.
3. Babel:
   1. A JavaScript transpiler that converts ECMAScript 2015+ code into a backwards compatible version of JavaScript.