Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It involves creating algorithms and systems that enable computers to perform tasks that would typically require human intelligence. These tasks include things like problem-solving, learning, reasoning, perception, understanding natural language, and even decision-making.

There are several key components and approaches within artificial intelligence:

1. Machine Learning: This is a subset of AI that focuses on creating algorithms that allow computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data. Machine learning techniques include neural networks, decision trees, support vector machines, and more. It’s often used for tasks like image recognition, language processing, and recommendation systems.
2. Neural Networks: Inspired by the human brain, neural networks are a type of machine learning algorithm. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process information and learn patterns from data. Deep learning, a subset of neural networks, has led to significant breakthroughs in areas like image and speech recognition.
3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP focuses on enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. This is used in chatbots, language translation, sentiment analysis, and more.
4. Computer Vision: Computer vision involves giving machines the ability to interpret and understand visual information from the world. This is used in applications like facial recognition, object detection, and autonomous vehicles.
5. Robotics: AI is also used in robotics to create intelligent machines that can perform tasks in the physical world. These robots can be programmed to carry out tasks autonomously or with human guidance.
6. Expert Systems: These are AI systems designed to mimic the decision-making abilities of a human expert in a particular domain. They use predefined rules and knowledge to provide solutions or recommendations.